Cosa blocca i governi che abbandonano Windows e Office per Linux
Da Monaco di Baviera allo Schleswig-Holstein e alla Gendarmeria francese: perché nel passaggio da Windows a Linux nella PA pesano macro VBA, XML e domini.
Quando nel 2006 Monaco di Baviera ha censito i propri uffici, ha trovato 13.700 modelli di documento diversi.
- Flotta GendBuntu in Francia
- 103.164 PC
- Il 97% delle stazioni della Gendarmerie nationale gira su Linux nel 2024[3]
- Template censiti a Monaco
- 13.700 modelli
- Modelli di documento accumulati dagli uffici comunali prima di WollMux[1]
- Piano Schleswig-Holstein
- 30.000 utenti
- Dipendenti pubblici coinvolti nel passaggio a LibreOffice e Linux del 2024[4]
In questo articolo
Salta a una sezione
L'iceberg dei modelli e delle macro VBA: perché LibreOffice non basta
Option VBASupport 1, che abilita però soltanto una compatibilità limitata per istruzioni, funzioni e oggetti dell'API Excel, costringendo gli sviluppatori a riscrivere le logiche più complesse con gli oggetti nativi di LibreOffice Basic.[5]80 addetti
Come Monaco ha domato 13.700 template con WollMux e Java UNO
Il collo di bottiglia dei 300 software verticali e i limiti di Wine
Dentro i file di testo: la guerra degli standard tra ODF e OOXML Transitional
.odt, .ods o .odp compresso con algoritmo deflate in un contenitore ZIP, la struttura interna suddivide i dati in file XML separati con elementi radice dedicati: <office-document-content> per il testo in modello mixed-content, <office-document-styles> per gli stili di formattazione, <office-document-meta> per i metadati e <office-document-settings> per le impostazioni dell'applicativo.[13]| Parametro tecnico | OpenDocument (ODF) | Office Open XML (OOXML) |
|---|---|---|
| Riferimento normativo | ISO/IEC 26300:2006 (OASIS) | ISO/IEC 29500 (Strict e Transitional) |
| Architettura del contenitore | ZIP con file XML separati per contenuto, stili e metadati | ZIP orientato alla retrocompatibilità con i formati Office |
| Profilo usato di default | Standard aperto nativo in LibreOffice e OpenOffice | Variante Transitional predefinita in MS Office 2013/2016 |
| Interoperabilità incrociata | Struttura pensata per trasformazioni XSLT dirette | Traduzione verso ODF soggetta a gradi variabili di fedeltà |
Sradicare Active Directory ed Exchange: identità, domini e posta
- Provisioning e amministrazione LDAP: nel progetto LiMux la distribuzione automatizzata del software poggiava sul back-end FAI (Fully Automatic Installation), affiancato dall'applicazione web GOsa (Gonicus System Administration) per amministrare centralmente l'enorme flotta di postazioni.[17]
- Domain Controller compatibili: dalla versione 4.0 rilasciata nel 2012, Samba è in grado di operare come Domain Controller Active Directory completo al livello funzionale di Windows Server 2008 R2, gestendo reti con client Windows 10 e 11 e requisiti stringenti come lo standard NIST 800-171.[18]
- Groupware, posta e condivisione file: nel piano deliberato il 3 aprile 2024 dallo Schleswig-Holstein per circa 30.000 dipendenti, la sostituzione di Microsoft SharePoint ed Exchange/Outlook viene affidata a Nextcloud, Open-Xchange e Mozilla Thunderbird, orchestrati durante la transizione tramite il connettore Univention AD-Connector.[4]
Il paradosso di Monaco: perché il ritorno a Windows costò 86 milioni
Da leggere · Computing e IA
Il millimetro che ha ucciso la porta USB-A sui portatili
Come migrare davvero: la ricetta della Gendarmeria francese e dello Schleswig-Holstein
L'errore fatale: cambiare sistema operativo il giorno uno
.docx transizionali e alle macro VBA blocca l'operatività quotidiana. Il modello GendBuntu dimostra che bisogna prima migrare la suite da ufficio a LibreOffice/ODF e isolare le applicazioni critiche su Windows, cambiando l'OS solo quando gli utenti lavorano già con software multipiattaforma. Domande frequenti
Qual è il vero ostacolo nel passaggio da Windows a Linux nella pubblica amministrazione?
Perché le macro di Excel e Word non funzionano subito su LibreOffice?
Che differenza tecnica c'è tra un file ODF (.odt) e un file OOXML (.docx)?
Perché Monaco di Baviera decise di tornare a Windows nel 2017 nonostante LiMux funzionasse?
Come ha fatto la Gendarmeria francese a portare oltre 100.000 PC su Linux senza bloccare gli uffici?
Con quali programmi open source una PA sostituisce Active Directory, Exchange e SharePoint?
Fonti
28 riferimenti Mostra Nascondi
- European Commission OSOR — Declaration of Independence: The LiMux Project in Munich (templates) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«An example for the inefficiencies that decentralisation has led to is the number of document templates prepared by the city's various departments. In 2006, this was a staggering 13.700 - "almost one for every employee", as Schießl points out.»
- European Commission OSOR — Declaration of Independence: The LiMux Project in Munich (specialised software) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Proprietary software will be used where a migrations is either impossible or not cost-effective. This particularly concerns specialised administrative software packages. Munich uses 300 such programs.»
- Wikipedia — GendBuntu deployment timeline (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«June 2024 - 97% of workstations running GendBuntu (103,164 stations)»
- Landesregierung Schleswig-Holstein — Digital souveräner IT-Arbeitsplatz (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Mit dem Kabinettsbeschluss hat die Landesregierung den konkreten Anfang für den Umstieg weg von proprietärer Software und hin zu freien, quelloffenen Open-Source-Systemen sowie dem digital souveränen IT-Arbeitsplatz für die rund 30.000 Beschäftigten der Landesverwaltung gemacht. Kollaboration innerhalb der Landesverwaltung und mit Externen: Nutzung der Open Source Produkte Nextcloud, Open Xchange/Thunderbird in Verbindung mit dem Univention AD-Connector zur Ablösung von Microsoft Sharepoint sowie Microsoft Exchange/Outlook»
- LibreOffice Documentation — Support for VBA Macros (Option VBASupport 1) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«After loading the VBA code, LibreOffice inserts the statement Option VBASupport 1 in every Basic module to enable a limited support for VBA statements, functions and objects.»
- European Commission OSOR — WollMux plugin architecture in Munich (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Running as a plugin for OpenOffice, Wollmux provides the city's employees with personalised templates and forms. It includes numerous usability features and plausibility checks. For administrators, Wollmux offers a centralised and comfortable way of providing and maintaining templates.»
- Heise Online — Münchner Linux-Projekt: WollMux für alle (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Die Zusatzapplikation WollMux ist in Java geschrieben und somit plattformunabhängig ausgerichtet. Sie zieht spezielle Benutzer- und Organisationsdaten aus einem zentralen Verzeichnis und erstellt Kopfbögen gemäß einem vorgegebenen Corporate Design.»
- European Commission OSOR — LiMux template consolidation results (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«The number of document templates has been reduced by some 30%. Business processes have been optimised, freeing up productivity equivalent to 80 staff.»
- European Commission OSOR — LiMux department head stations (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«For these cases, each department is (or will be) equipped with a “head station”, a computer that continues to have access to Microsoft Office. This may happen either on a standard PC running Windows, in a virtual machine or through a terminal server.»
- Opensource.com — How Munich switched 15,000 PCs from Windows to Linux (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«We have a very limited Wine installation, because there's always the need to save the configuration of Wine together with the application. They're deeply dependent. If you change the version of Wine, you have to do something with the application, and vice-versa. We saw that we'd have to use 10 or 15 different configurations of Wine on the same machine in some cases.»
- ISO — ISO/IEC TR 29166:2011 Document format translation fidelity (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«This is followed by a thorough review of the concepts, architectures and various features of the two document formats in order to provide a good understanding of the commonalities and differences. It is expected that functionalities will be able to be translated with different degrees of fidelity to the other format.»
- ISO — ISO/IEC 26300:2006 OpenDocument Format v1.0 (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«ISO/IEC 26300:2006 provides for high-level information suitable for editing documents. It defines suitable XML structures for office documents and is friendly to transformations using XSLT or similar XML-based tools.»
- Library of Congress — ODF Family ZIP and XML structure (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«In contrast, a packaged ODF document has several separate XML files in its ZIP-based structure with root elements: <office-document-content>; <office-document-styles>; <office-document-meta>; and <office-document-settings>.»
- Free Software Foundation Europe — MS-OOXML Strict vs Transitional (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Microsoft Office 2013 and Microsoft Office 2016 additionally support both reading and writing of ISO/IEC 29500 Strict. However, in all of them, the default option is the transitional one, meaning that the strict standard is still not used in practice, unless the users change the default settings ad hoc.»
- European Commission OSOR — Active Directory lock-in and five-year cost study in Munich (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«The Microsoft solution would have made it necessary to introduce an Active Directory system, which would have meant a strong lock-in and would have caused significant follow-up costs. The total cost for the proprietary solution were calculated to be 35 million Euro, against 37 million Euro for GNU/Linux (both including all costs beyond the solution itself, such as personnel and training costs, over five years).»
- Heise Online — Linux in München: Über 10 Millionen Euro gespart (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Damit wären für Windows und MS Office insgesamt etwas mehr als 34 Millionen angefallen, für Windows mit Open Office knapp 30 Millionen. Das Limux-Szenario beläuft sich hingegen sich auf weniger als 23 Millionen Euro.»
- European Commission OSOR — FAI and GOsa client management in Munich (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«In the background, the city relies on the FAI installation back-end for software distribution, and an application named Gosa (Gonicus System Administration) for the web-based management of a large number of client machines.»
- Samba Wiki — Setting up Samba as an Active Directory Domain Controller (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Starting from version 4.0 (released in 2012,) Samba is able to serve as an Active Directory (AD) domain controller (DC). Samba operates at the forest functional level of **Windows Server 2008 R2** which is more than sufficient to manage sophisticated enterprises that use Windows 10/11 with strict compliance requirements (including NIST 800-171.)»
- Heise Online — Münchner IT-Leiter zu LiMux (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Der Auftrag des Münchner Stadtrats an die Verwaltung, bis spätestens Ende 2020 für die kommunalen Behörden ein Konzept für eine "einheitliche Client-Architektur" auf Windows-Basis zu erstellen und den derzeit auf 20.000 Arbeitsplätzen eingesetzten Linux-basierten LiMux-Desktop abzuschaffen, stößt bei vielen städtischen IT-Mitarbeitern auf Unverständnis. Die Gutachter hätten zuvor gelernt, wie die Stadt ein einheitliches Formularwesen mit rund 10.000 Vorlagen und 130 Makros über WollMux managt und wie der offene Standard ODF (Open Document Format) dort in Fachanwendungen integriert ist.»
- FSFE — Analysis of the consultant report on LiMux (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«It's noteworthy that in their report, the analysts identify primarily organisational issues at the root of the problems troubling LiMux uptake, rather than technical challenges.»
- Heise Online — Endgültiges Aus für LiMux und Kosten der Rückabwicklung (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Die "zahlungswirksamen" Gesamtausgaben für sämtliche Umsetzungsprojekte sollen sich demnach für die nächsten sechs Jahre zunächst auf 86,1 Millionen Euro belaufen. Der Abschied auch vom derzeit eingesetzten LibreOffice ist aber noch nicht beschlossen: ein unabhängiger Sachverständiger soll zunächst die von diesem Schritt abhängigen hohen Folgekosten für die erforderliche Umstellung tausender Makros, Formulare und Vorlagen analysieren, bevor der Stadtrat auch hier Nägel mit Köpfen machen kann.»
- ZDNet — Why Munich is shifting back from Microsoft to open source again (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«“Where it is technologically and financially possible, the city will put emphasis on open standards and free open-source licensed software,” a new coalition agreement negotiated between the recently elected Green party and the Social Democrats says.»
- Wikipedia — LiMux 2024 Open Source Program Office (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«In October 2024, the City Government doubled down on this decision by implementing a five-point open-source plan, as well as, founding an Open Source Program Office. 200,000 Euros have been allocated to the OSPO for short-term positions of both municipal employees and external programmers.[15]»
- European Commission OSOR — French Gendarmerie 2005 OpenOffice transition (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«In 2005 the Gendarmerie took another step towards free software. As the first great software transition the office suite Microsoft Office was replaced by the open source counterpart OpenOffice, which not only was available at no cost, but also allowed for exactly this modularity and transparency the Gendarmerie required.»
- European Commission OSOR — French Gendarmerie 2007 application audit (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«After this study was finalised in mid-2007, a total of 35 applications were found to be essential for a standard workstation.»
- ZDNet — How France's gendarmes embraced Ubuntu and WAN upgrades (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Higher costs indeed — the organisation estimates that the TCO of the desktops will fall by 40 percent between 2008 and 2014 when the deployment is complete. However, the savings aren’t just from software licences costs: the change has also meant a reduction in local tech support needed, while Canonical charges the organisation €1 per machine per year to provide support. Managing the fleet it easier too, Dumond says: for example, any upgrade from one LTS version to another is driven by the central IT team via the WAN with minimal disruption to officers on the ground, as happened earlier this year when the 37,000-strong fleet was moved from 10.04 to 12.04.»
- Ars Technica — French police saves millions of euros by adopting Ubuntu (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«A report published by the European Commission’s Open Source Observatory provides some details from a recent presentation given by Gendarmerie Lieutenant-Colonel Xavier Guimard, who says that the Gendarmerie has been able to reduced its annual IT budget by 70 percent without having to reduce its capabilities.»
- The Document Foundation — German state moving 30,000 PCs to LibreOffice (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«We have no influence on the operating processes of such [proprietary] solutions and the handling of data, including a possible outflow of data to third countries.»