Perché i voli verso l'Europa attraversano l'Atlantico di notte
Perché i voli dagli USA verso l'Europa viaggiano di notte? Il sistema NAT-OTS, la corrente a getto fino a 239 nodi e i coprifuoco a Heathrow e Francoforte.
Verso l'Europa le tracce notturne NAT-OTS sono valide dalle 01:00 alle 08:00 UTC sul meridiano 30° Ovest.
- Finestra UTC verso l'Europa
- 01:00–08:00
- Orario di validità del sistema notturno NAT-OTS misurato sul meridiano 30° Ovest[1]
- Velocità del getto polare
- 239 nodi
- Punta dei venti occidentali in quota (442 km/h) sfruttati verso l'Europa[2]
- Traversata subsonica record
- 4 h 56 min
- Tempo registrato tra New York e Londra da un Boeing 747-436 nel febbraio 2020[4]
In questo articolo
Salta a una sezione
Due fiumi opposti sull'oceano: come funziona il sistema NAT-OTS
| Parametro | Flusso notturno (Eastbound) | Flusso diurno (Westbound) |
|---|---|---|
| Direzione | Nord America → Europa | Europa → Nord America |
| Centro di calcolo | Gander OAC (Canada)[6] | Shanwick OAC (Scozia)[6] |
| Pubblicazione AFTN | 14:00 UTC[7] | 22:00 UTC[7] |
| Validità a 30° Ovest | 01:00–08:00 UTC[1] | 11:30–19:00 UTC[1] |
| Codifica tracce | Da sud: Track Z, Y, X...[9] | Da nord: Track A, B, C...[9] |
Dal messaggio PRM alla codifica alfabetica delle tracce
La spinta della corrente a getto polare: fino a 239 nodi in coda
Fusi orari e coprifuoco: perché l'Europa sbarra le piste fino all'alba
Il paradosso dell'arrivo in anticipo
- Circa l'80% dei voli notturni di Heathrow si concentra nella finestra finale tra le 04:30 e le 06:00, con una media di 16 atterraggi al giorno in quei novanta minuti.[17]
- Un divieto volontario vieta ai voli programmati nella fascia 04:30–06:00 di toccare terra prima delle 04:30, costringendo i jet spinti da un getto troppo veloce a rallentare in crociera o attendere in circuito.[17]
- Il margine tra un'ammenda per rumore e il primo slot utile dell'alba si gioca sul filo dei secondi, con una precisione analoga al taglio d'iniezione nel freno motore quando la centralina azzera il flusso di carburante sopra un regime prefissato.
L'incastro delle flotte wide-body: una sola macchina per due traversate in 24 ore
Da leggere · Aviazione e Volo
Fuel dumping: perché gli aerei scaricano carburante in volo
Separare centinaia di jet nel buio senza radar: da FANS 1/A ai satelliti ADS-B
14–17 NM
Domande frequenti
Perché gli aerei attraversano l'Atlantico di notte quando volano verso l'Europa?
Quanto tempo risparmia un volo verso l'Europa grazie alla corrente a getto?
Perché al ritorno dall'Europa agli Stati Uniti si vola quasi sempre di giorno?
Cosa sono e chi disegna le rotte oceaniche NAT-OTS?
Come funzionano i blocchi notturni negli aeroporti di Francoforte e Londra Heathrow?
Come vengono separati gli aerei di notte sull'Atlantico se non c'è copertura radar?
Fonti
24 riferimenti Mostra Nascondi
- ICAO NAT Doc 007 (North Atlantic Operations and Airspace Manual) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«2.1.3 The hours of validity of the two Organised Track Systems (OTS) are as follows: (Westbound) Day-time OTS 1130 UTC to 1900 UTC at 30°W (Eastbound) Night-time OTS 0100 UTC to 0800 UTC at 30°W»
- NOAA National Weather Service — The Jet Stream (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Jet streams vary in height of four to eight miles and can reach speeds of more than 275 mph (239 kts / 442 km/h).»
- ICAO NAT Doc 007 (North Atlantic Operations and Airspace Manual) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«2.1.1 As a result of passenger demand, time zone differences and airport noise restrictions, much of the North Atlantic (NAT) air traffic contributes to two major alternating flows: a westbound flow departing Europe in the morning, and an eastbound flow departing North America in the evening.»
- BBC News, 9 Feb 2020 (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«The Boeing 747-436 reached speeds of 825 mph (1,327 km/h) as it rode a jet stream accelerated by Storm Ciara.The four hours and 56 minutes flight arrived at Heathrow Airport 80 minutes ahead of schedule on Sunday morning.»
- ICAO NAT Doc 007 (North Atlantic Operations and Airspace Manual) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«The airspace of the North Atlantic which links Europe and North America is the busiest oceanic airspace in the world. In 2017 approximately 730,000 flights crossed the North Atlantic ( ref NAT SPG/54 – WP/08 -OUTCOMES OF NAT EFFG/33 AND NAT EFFG/34 ).»
- SKYbrary — North Atlantic Operations: Organised Track System (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«The night-time OTS (eastbound) is produced by Gander OAC and the daytime OTS (westbound) by Shanwick OAC, each incorporating any requirement for tracks within the New York, Reykjavik, Bodø and Santa Maria Oceanic Control Areas (OCAs).»
- SKYbrary — North Atlantic Operations: Organised Track System (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Typically, the time of publication of the daytime (westbound) OTS is 2200 UTC and of the night-time (eastbound) OTS is 1400 UTC.»
- ICAO NAT Doc 007 (North Atlantic Operations and Airspace Manual) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Such information should be provided, in the correct format, as far in advance as possible, but not later than 1900 UTC for the following day-time OTS and 1000 UTC for the following night-time OTS.»
- ICAO NAT Doc 007 (North Atlantic Operations and Airspace Manual) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«In the westbound (day-time) system the track most northerly, at its point of origin, is designated Track 'A' (Alpha) and the next most northerly track is designated Track 'B' (Bravo) etc. In the eastbound (night-time) system the most southerly track, at its point of origin, is designated Track 'Z' (Zulu) and the next most southerly track is designated Track 'Y' (Yankee), etc.»
- ICAO NAT Doc 007 (North Atlantic Operations and Airspace Manual) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«2.4.1 To ensure a smooth transition from night-time to day-time OTSs and vice-versa, a period of several hours is interposed between the termination of one system and the commencement of the next. These periods are from 0801 UTC to 1129 UTC: and from 1901 UTC to 0059 UTC.»
- SKYbrary — North Atlantic Operations: Organised Track System (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Use of OTS tracks is not mandatory. Currently,about half of NAT flights utilise the OTS with most of the remaining traffic flying random routes.»
- SKYbrary — Jet Stream (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Aircraft flying west-east will try to exploit the Jet Stream to increase ground speed and, similarly, aircraft flying East-West will plan to avoid the Jet Stream.»
- NOAA National Weather Service — The Jet Stream (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«For air moving toward the poles, the Earth's rotational velocity decreases beneath it, but the air itself retains its eastward momentum. This results in wind that moves faster than the Earth rotates. Therefore, as air moves towards the poles, it also moves from west to east relative to the surface. This is the Coriolis effect.»
- SKYbrary — Jet Stream (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«The CAT is strongest on the cold/low pressure side of the jet (the north side in the northern hemisphere) next to and just underneath the axis of the Jet Stream.»
- Fraport AG — Frankfurt Airport Hours of Operation (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Frankfurt Airport opens at 5:00 a.m. and closes at 11:00 p.m. local time. Between 11:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m. CEST, there is a ban on night flights. This means that no scheduled take-offs or landings are allowed. During late evening and early morning, between 10:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. CEST and between 5 a.m. and 6 a.m. CEST, no more than 133 aircraft movements per night are allowed at Frankfurt Airport averaged over a calendar year.»
- Heathrow Airport — Night Flights (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Heathrow is currently limited to 5,800 night flights a year: 3,250 in the summer season and 2,550 in the winter season;»
- Heathrow Airport — Night Flights (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Around 80% of the night flights at Heathrow are between 04:30 - 06:00 with an average of 16 aircraft arriving each day between these hours. Heathrow has a voluntary ban in place that prevents flights scheduled between 04:30 - 06:00 from landing before 04:30.»
- Business Insider — Daytime Transatlantic Flights (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«My particular daylight flight was in economy on a British Airways Boeing 777 that left New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport at 8:05 a.m. Eastern Time and landed at London Heathrow at around 7:30 p.m. local time.»
- Wikipedia — North Atlantic Tracks (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Westbound departures typically leave Europe between early morning to late afternoon and arrive in North America from early afternoon to late evening. In this manner, a single aircraft can be efficiently utilized by flying to Europe at night, and to North America in the day.»
- SKYbrary — North Atlantic Operations: Airspace (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«The standard time interval between aircraft following the same route with the same assigned speed is 10 minutes.»
- ICAO NAT Doc 007 (North Atlantic Operations and Airspace Manual) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«1.7.1 The NAT Data Link Mandate (DLM) requires aircraft to be equipped with, and operating, CPDLC and ADS-C in the NAT region. Currently, the mandate incorporates FL 290 to FL 410 inclusive.»
- SKYbrary — Performance-Based Communication and Surveillance (PBCS) (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«The provision of PBCS in the NAT High Level Airspace (HLA) applies RCP 240 and RSP 180 specifications to the application of 55.5 km (30 nm), 93km (50 nm) and 5 minute longitudinal separation minima and the application of a 42.6 km (23 nm) lateral separation minimum.»
- NATS — Six years of space-based ADS-B transforming North Atlantic airspace (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«On 27 March 2019, NATS and NAV CANADA became the first air traffic management providers to implement Aireon’s Space Based ADS-B service. This revolutionary technology replaced traditional position reporting with real-time satellite surveillance, allowing controllers to monitor aircraft with unprecedented accuracy and to deliver significant safety and efficiency benefits.»
- NAV CANADA — Space-Based ADS-B Surveillance Improves Trips Over the North Atlantic (si apre in una nuova scheda)
«Since March 2019, longitudinal standards have been reduced from 5 minutes (approximately 40 nautical miles) to 14-17 nautical miles, and lateral separation reduced from 23 nautical miles to 15-19 nautical miles for equipped aircraft in the North Atlantic airspace.»